Middle-east

This commentary examines the structural limitations of American foreign policy through the cases of Afghanistan and Iran. Drawing on the concept of a two-level game, the article highlights how U.S. leaders must simultaneously satisfy domestic audiences while managing complex geopolitical realities abroad.

President Prabowo Subianto balances Indonesia’s Islamic solidarity with Palestine and its global responsibilities by backing a two-state solution and peacekeeping. Backed by key Islamic organisations, this pragmatic approach frames humanitarian aid as both a moral and anti-colonial duty.

The disruption’s in the Strait of Hormuz has spiked global oil prices. India continues to balance ties with the US/Israel and Tehran, diversify imports in the emerging multipolar realignment.

Egypt, China, and India prioritise energy security amid the Strait of Hormuz crisis. Egypt acts as a defensive shield with diplomatic efforts and the SUMED pipeline. China pursues cautious diplomacy and economic alternatives, while India secures routes through strategic partnerships and diplomatic engagement.

PM Modi’s brief Abu Dhabi visit underscores India’s deepening strategic ties with the UAE amid Hormuz tensions. Beyond booming trade and oil pacts, it signals growing security cooperation, maritime awareness, and multi-alignment to shield India’s energy lifelines in a volatile Gulf.