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The Quad should be judged less by its resemblance to a formal alliance than by its capacity to deliver practical cooperation. The flexibility of its structure enables functional collaboration and connects regional partners, institutions and private-sector actors in order to strengthen Indo-Pacific resilience.

Qatar has continued to show support for the Palestinian Authority over recent years, even while maintaining close ties with Hamas. These moves have played out through diplomatic meetings, public statements, humanitarian partnerships, and an emphasis on Palestinian unity, all while keeping the PA relevant as a key player on the scene.

As India and Germany celebrate 75 years of diplomatic relations in 2026, their partnership has become more diversified, reflecting Berlin’s recognition of India as a key strategic partner in the Indo-Pacific. However, future success of this cooperation will depend on dealing with the existing constraints and implementing ambitious projects agreed in recent years.

Amid the Gaza crisis and the confrontation between the United States and Iran, a group of “moderate Muslim-majority states” aligned with neither Israel nor Iran has been gaining prominence. Saudi Arabia built upon its mutual defence agreement with Pakistan in 2025 and concluded the “Mecca Joint Defence Agreement” with Pakistan and Türkiye on 7 August 2026. With the prospect of further institutionalisation and an expansion of its membership, this trilateral partnership has the potential to develop into a third force alongside the “Abraham Accords” camp and the so-called “Axis of Resistance.” The implication of this observation is significant from the perspective of geopolitical theory.